As a wildlife professional, we hope you'll help your customers understand that they can protect their homes and businesses from wildlife damage without banishing all wildlife from the community. Whenever possible, use best practices and encourage your customers to solve their problems for good—not just temporarily.

Remember, in chapters one and two, we described a best practice as an effective method for solving a nuisance wildlife problem that also minimizes risks to the environment and our health and well-being. This decision-making strategy balances concerns about safety; the humane treatment of wildlife; practicality; landowner rights; the protection of wildlife populations and habitats; and ethical, legal, financial, and aesthetic issues. Often, the most effective long-term solution involves the use of several best practices, such as a combination of removal and exclusion.

This manual focuses on best practices but in some circumstances, legal techniques that aren't described in this manual may be appropriate. For example, in an emergency, the need to ensure safety may be so pressing that a technique which doesn't satisfy all of the criteria well enough to rate as a "best practice" is considered the best choice for that situation. That's one of the strengths of the best practices approach: it's flexible and offers many options.

Some methods that seem questionable today could be perfected and achieve the status not only of best practice, but also become standard operating procedure. For that reason, we have included discussion of some practices that have not yet been well-researched, but seem promising. If you're wondering about the merits of a tool or technique, seek information from a trustworthy and current source. (Again, you may wish to check the online version of this manual at http://www.nwco.net).

Now, with your understanding of the best practices decision-making strategy, and the legal and safety issues you may confront on the job, we're ready for the details, the tools and techniques that form best practices. This is when you get to play detective: investigating the situation, and then using your expertise to solve the puzzle.

Sounds like a lot of trouble! Is it worth it? Yes. Here's a real-life example that shows why. In one case, night herons were raiding a fish hatchery. Researchers wanted to know if they could fake out the birds, so they played a tape of a propane cannon explosion to drive them off (that's much easier than using the real thing). But six nights later, the birds were used to the noise and settled back down to their dinner. Then the scientists tried a recording of night heron distress calls. Bingo! More than 80% of the herons left the pond, and six months later, this technique still worked. Here's the crucial bit: most birds only react to distress calls from their own species. So if the researchers hadn't bothered to properly identify who was causing the damage, they might have used the wrong sounds.

Maybe you don't handle agricultural problems, but don't worry, you'll encounter many cases of mistaken identity. Some customers may confuse raccoons for badgers (which aren't even found in New York), woodchucks for muskrats, or moles for voles. Is it a young Norway rat or an adult house mouse? The techniques used to deal with those animals differ. Proper identification is the first step to identifying the source of the problem.

Resist the temptation to jump to conclusions, too. Just because an animal is seen at the "scene of the crime" doesn't mean it's the culprit. For example, turkeys are sometimes blamed for crop damage that was actually caused by raccoons. Why? Turkeys are active during the day, so people are more likely to notice them in the fields. Raccoons are primarily nocturnal so fewer people are aware of their activities.

A note about this chapter's organization. It's long and there's a lot of important information, so we've broken it into five sections, to match the five steps of the best practices approach.

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