Active ingredient \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>The chemical compound that affects an organism\u2019s behavior or biology.<\/p>\n Acute toxicant\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>A chemical that can cause severe illness or death with one feeding.<\/p>\n Aesthetically acceptable death \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>No bleeding, moving, or distress associated with death.<\/p>\n Agent\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong>A person who acts on behalf of another, usually paid or compensated for his or her services; OR an organism or entity that causes disease (bacterium, virus, fungus).<\/p>\n American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>A professional group that distributes information on veterinary medicine and policies about the care of domestic, companion, farm, and zoo animals.<\/p>\n Animal handling<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 The treatment of wildlife while under the direct control of a person.<\/p>\n Animals slaughtered for food\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong>Livestock (e.g., cattle, sheep, and pigs).<\/p>\n Anticoagulant\u00a0 <\/strong>A toxicant that kills an animal by interfering with clotting of the blood (warfarin, diphacinone).<\/p>\n Avicide<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 A pesticide used to control birds.<\/p>\n Bait<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 Food-based materials that animals find attractive to eat.<\/p>\n Baited set\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>A trap set with food or lures to attract a target animal into the set.<\/p>\n Banger (bird bombs)\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>An explosive cartridge that makes a loud bang to repel birds.<\/p>\n Barbiturate\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>A group of drugs that sedate and can kill animals.<\/p>\n Best management practice (BMP)\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>An effective method for solving a human-wildlife conflict that also minimizes risks to the environment and human health and well-being.<\/p>\n Biological Carrying Capacity (BCC)\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>The maximum number of individuals of a given population that an environment can sustain. The population level at which the environment is damaged is the ecological carrying capacity and is a much lower density than BCC.<\/p>\n Biological control\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>The use of living organisms (disease agents and parasites) or natural processes (e.g., fertility control) to manage wildlife damage.<\/p>\n Bird bomb\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>See “Banger.”<\/p>\n Bird spikes<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 Mechanical devices with sharp projections intended to repel birds from landing on surfaces such as building ledges.<\/p>\n Blind set\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>A trap placed without bait in an area where a target animal is likely to travel.<\/p>\n Body-gripping trap\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Any trap designed to catch and subsequently kill an animal with a blow to the back of the neck through snapping the spine.<\/p>\n Box trap\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>A trap made of solid material (often plastic or metal) that captures an animal entirely within the trap.<\/p>\n Cable-restraint\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>A trap similar to a snare but used in a manner so that the captured animal will not die.<\/p>\n Cage trap\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>A trap made from wire mesh that captures an animal entirely within the trap.<\/p>\n Carbon dioxide (CO2<\/sub>) chamber\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>An enclosed space into which CO2<\/sub> gas is added at a controlled rate to euthanize an animal.<\/p>\n Carnivore\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>An animal that primarily eats meat.<\/p>\n Catch pole (snare pole)\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>A device with an adjustable loop of cable used to capture and restrain an animal.<\/p>\n Cervical dislocation\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>A form of euthanasia in which the cervical vertebrae are separated and spinal cord disrupted.<\/p>\n Chronic toxicant<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 A chemical that requires multiple feedings before causing severe illness or death.<\/p>\n Companion animals\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Animals that are pets (e.g., cats, dogs, ferrets, etc.).<\/p>\n Cone guard\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>A sheet of metal that protects birdfeeders and nest boxes on poles from climbing predators.<\/p>\n Copulation\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>The act of sexual intercourse.<\/p>\n Cracker\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>See “Shell cracker.”<\/p>\n Cultural carrying capacity (CCC)\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>The number of animals that a human or human community will tolerate in a given area. Also called social carrying capacity.<\/p>\n Damper\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>The metal plate that controls the size of the opening between a fireplace and chimney.<\/p>\n Decapitation\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>A form of euthanasia in which the head is quickly cut from the body, primarily used for birds that are too large for cervical dislocation and sometimes for snakes.<\/p>\n Depredation permit\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>A permit issued by state and federal government wildlife agencies that allows the use of approved wildlife control techniques on protected wildlife or game species.<\/p>\n Direct capture\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>The technique of obtaining control of an animal without the use of traps.<\/p>\n Diurnal\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Active during daylight hours.<\/p>\n Distress\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Pain or suffering. Distress implies external and usually temporary physical or mental strain and stress.<\/p>\n Droppings\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>See \u201cFeces\u201d and \u201cScat.\u201d<\/p>\n Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>The federal agency responsible for licensing individuals that use controlled animal drugs such as barbiturates.<\/p>\n Ectoparasite\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>A parasite that lives outside the body of its host.<\/p>\n Edge\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>The zone between 2 or more adjacent habitats.<\/p>\n Effigy\u00a0 <\/strong>\u00a0A dummy or representation of a person or animal (scarecrow) intended to frighten or repel pest birds.<\/p>\n Endoparasite<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0A parasite that lives inside the body of its host.<\/p>\n Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>\u00a0A federal agency that establishes and enforces rules to protect the environment. It also regulates pesticide labels, registration, and certification.<\/p>\n Ethics\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>A system of moral principles that guides a person\u2019s decisions and actions.<\/p>\n Euthanasia\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>A humane method of killing that provides as painless a death as possible by causing rapid unconsciousness and rapid death. A “good death” that occurs with a minimum of pain and distress.<\/p>\n Euthanize\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>To humanely kill a living thing.<\/p>\n Exclusion<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 Techniques and products that prevent wildlife from entering an area.<\/p>\n Exclusion Barrier\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>A device that keeps a pest out of an area.<\/p>\n Exsanguination\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>A form of euthanasia, known as \u201cbleeding out,\u201d that entails the cutting of major blood vessels to rapidly drain blood from an animal.<\/p>\n Feces\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Solid waste eliminated through the digestive system of an animal.<\/p>\n Feral<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 An individual of a domesticated species that lives and behaves as a wild animal.<\/p>\n Firearm\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>A device that fires a projectile, using an explosive charge, force of spring, air, or other gas as a propellant. Includes shotguns, rifles, hand guns, and air rifles.<\/p>\n Flashing – <\/strong>A thin, flat sheet of metal.<\/p>\n Foothold trap\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Refers to a variety of traps that restrain animals by holding the foot. They may be used for live capture or as part of a lethal trap set.<\/p>\n Fossorial<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 An animal that burrows underground.<\/p>\n Frightening device<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 Typically a non-chemical tool designed to cause animals to avoid areas through the use of fear.<\/p>\n Fumigant<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 A toxicant that is inhaled by a target species. Fumigants are often used to eradicate animals that live in burrows.<\/p>\n Fur production animals \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Animals raised in captivity (e.g., minks) to produce fur.<\/p>\n Furbearers\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Free-ranging wild animals (ex. raccoons) whose fur is used for clothing.<\/p>\n Game species<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 Wildlife that may be hunted, trapped, or fished in appropriate seasons.<\/p>\n Gestation\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>The length of a pregnancy or the amount of time it takes from conception until birth.<\/p>\n General Use Pesticides (GUP)<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 Relatively low-risk chemicals that are regulated by the EPA whose use does not require a license and are sold over-the-counter.<\/p>\n Habitat <\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0An area that provides an animal its home and its food, water, and shelter.<\/p>\n Habitat modification\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Changing the habitat of an animal to limit its access to food, water, or shelter. This will sometimes cause an animal to lose interest in a particular site.<\/p>\n Hardware cloth. <\/strong>A heavy, finely woven metal mesh; galvanized screen.<\/p>\n Herbivore<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 An animal that primarily eats vegetation.<\/p>\n Hibernaculum<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 Site where snakes hibernate during the winter.<\/p>\n Home range\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>The area in which an animal lives, eats, and breeds throughout its life.<\/p>\n Host\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>An organism that sustains a parasite or a disease agent and is negatively affected.<\/p>\n Humane\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>A practice or product that causes no unnecessary pain or stress for an animal. Compassionate, empathetic, or considerate treatment of animals<\/p>\n Hunting\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Pursuing, shooting, killing, or capturing wildlife.<\/p>\n Hypoxemia\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>A condition that blocks the blood’s ability to take up oxygen.<\/p>\n Hypoxia\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>A condition that occurs when body tissues lack oxygen.<\/p>\n Incendiary\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Something that can be activated by flame; causing or capable of causing fire.<\/p>\n Integrated pest management (IPM)<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 An environmentally responsible approach to pest management that involves the timely use of a variety of cost-effective methods to reduce damage to a tolerable level.<\/p>\n Integrated wildlife damage management (IWDM)\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>A strategy for solving conflicts between humans and wildlife while reducing risks to people and wildlife without long-term harm to the environment.<\/p>\n Lethal\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Causing death.<\/p>\n Lethal blow<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 A blow to the head of a captured animal that is used to render unconsciousness and a humane death.<\/p>\n Live trap\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>A trap that is designed to capture an animal without killing it.<\/p>\n Louver<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 A framed ventilation opening that is covered with horizontal slats, usually located in an attic wall.<\/p>\n Lure\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Typically an odorous liquid used to attract animals to a trap set.<\/p>\n Mal-occurrence<\/strong> \u00a0\u00a0A negative event that happens unexpectedly through no fault of the NWCO.<\/p>\n Microtine<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 A family of small mammals belonging to the subfamily Microtinae<\/em> that includes lemmings, voles, and muskrats.<\/p>\n Migration<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 The movement of animals from one area to another and back.<\/p>\n Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA)<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 The federal law that protects all species of birds that migrate and are not feral, exotic, or state resident game species.<\/p>\n Mistake<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 Sloppy work, carelessness, or insufficient knowledge that results in a negative event.<\/p>\n Nestling<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 A young bird that is in the nest under the care of its parents or other adults.<\/p>\n Niche<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 The role that an animal plays in its environment.<\/p>\n Nocturnal<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 Active during the night.<\/p>\n Non-anticoagulant<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 A toxicant that kills animals by means other than interfering with clotting of the blood.<\/p>\n Non-game species<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 Wildlife that are protected and not hunted, trapped, or harvested in any way.<\/p>\n Non-target animal<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 An individual or species that is not sought after in a wildlife control process.<\/p>\n Nose-burn<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 The loss of skin on the nose of an animal, typically through the constant pushing of its snout through the wire of a cage trap.<\/p>\n Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) <\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0A federal agency that provides rules for worker safety, investigates complaints, and enforces compliance.<\/p>\n Omnivore<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 An animal that eats plant, animal, and other materials.<\/p>\n Opportunist<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 An animal that is adaptive and takes advantage of many things in its environment for food, water, and shelter.<\/p>\n Ordinance<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 Rule established by local or municipal governments.<\/p>\n Parasite<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 An organism that feeds on another organism (the host) and is detrimental to the host.<\/p>\n Pesticide<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 Any substance designed to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate any pest.<\/p>\n Porcupine wire<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 See \u201cBird spikes.\u201d<\/p>\n Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)<\/strong>\u00a0 Gear worn to protect people from pesticides, contaminants, and mechanical injury (boots, gloves, goggles, respirators).<\/p>\n Pre-bait\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>A nontoxic food used to train an animal to feed on a certain food in a certain location.<\/p>\n Pre-baiting\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>The placement of food to condition birds or mammals to eat a specific bait at a particular location.<\/p>\n Predation\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>The capturing of prey as a means of feeding and maintaining life.<\/p>\n Predator<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 An animal that obtains nourishment by killing and eating other animals.<\/p>\n Professionalism<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 throughout a NWCOs working life, the NWCO improves his or her knowledge, skills, wisdom, and conduct.<\/p>\n Propane cannon<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0A mechanical device that makes a loud explosion by igniting a small amount of propane to repel birds.<\/p>\n Prophylaxis<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 To try to prevent something from happening. Usually, a treatment that protects someone from disease, such as a vaccine.<\/p>\n Pyrotechnics<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 Frightening devices that use explosive charges similar to fireworks, such as screamers, bangers, and shell crackers.<\/p>\n Regulation<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 Rules created by agencies that interpret and apply statutes.<\/p>\n Relocation<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 Moving an animal from the site of capture and releasing it at another location within its home range.<\/p>\n Repellents<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 Chemicals used to cause animals to avoid a given location. They can be oral, olfactory, or tactile.<\/p>\n Reservoir<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 Organisms that sustain disease agents, but are not negatively affected.<\/p>\n Restricted Use Pesticides (RUP)<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 Designated so by the EPA, these pesticides have the potential to cause harm to people or the environment unless used with extreme care. RUPs are limited to use by certified pesticide applicators or to people under the supervision of a certified applicator.<\/p>\n Rodenticide\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>A pesticide used to control rodents.<\/p>\n Scat<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 See \u201cFeces.\u201d<\/p>\n Scavenger<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 An animal that obtains its nourishment by eating dead and decaying animals.<\/p>\n Scheduled drugs\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Animal drugs regulated by the DEA. Only licensed veterinarians, veterinary technicians, and some government agency personnel working under the supervision of a licensed veterinarian may possess and administer scheduled drugs.<\/p>\n Screamer<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 A pyrotechnic device that makes a long, drawn out whistle to repel birds.<\/p>\n Set<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 The location and positioning of a trap, bait, and lure (if any) to capture an animal.<\/p>\n Shell cracker (cracker)<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 A pyrotechnic device propelled from a shotgun that explodes to repel birds.<\/p>\n Sill plate<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 The structure on the top of a foundation wall that connects to a house wall.<\/p>\n